Journal of Health For World

MONITORING OF THE RELEASE OF CANDIDA FUNGI IN CHILDREN WITH PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS

2023-08-01T12:37:38+03:00

Relevance: tuberculosis infection is still a danger to the population, despite all the measures taken in
relation to it. According to published data from the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2014, 9.6
million people were identified with new cases of tuberculosis and 1.5 million people died from this
infection associated with this disease [1]. The burden of tuberculosis (TB) in children and adolescents
remains very significant. Every year, several million children and adolescents worldwide become
infected with tuberculosis after contact with a contagious tuberculosis patient, and the risk of
progression of tuberculosis infection into tuberculosis disease in this group is higher than in adults [2].
Infants and young children are at high risk of severe and disseminated disease associated with
death or long-term disability, while adolescents usually develop adult-type pulmonary tuberculosis,
which is highly contagious and contributes to constant transmission within the community. The main
challenges include reducing missed opportunities for TB prevention, of which there were many, and
increasing the detection of cases of the disease, especially among young children [3].
More than 1.5 million children and adolescents (0-19 years old) become ill with tuberculosis annually
(11% of the total number of estimated cases), with the highest proportions falling on young children
(<5 years old) and older adolescents (15-19 years old). years) [ 4,5]. The burden of childhood and
adolescent TB varies by country and region [6].
As it is known, tuberculosis patients belong to the risk group for the development of opportunistic
mycoses, in relation to children, the risk of developing candida infection increases as a result of
prolonged antibiotic therapy, unformed immunity in the younger age group and hormonal changes in
the adolescent body, etc.
Invasive candidiasis is a clinical condition that usually occurs in patients with immunosuppression and
in patients with general defects of the immune system. Candida albicans is the most common fungal
pathogen capable of causing infections ranging from mild lesions of the skin and mucous membranes
to invasive diseases affecting several organs. Deep candida infections rarely occur in healthy hosts, but
the incidence increases significantly in patients with immunosuppression [7].
Candida albicans is still the most common fungus causing infections in immunocompromised patients
[8]. The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis coinfection with Candida is about 15-32% in various
studies [9]. The most common type of these fungi (from 9 to 80%) is C. albicans, which is a mucous
membrane found in the usual normal microflora of the digestive tract.
Candida albicans has evolved as a potentially pathogenic fungus, and not as a harmless guest in the
mucous material of patients with bronchopulmonary diseases, which can increase complications in
these diseases. Kali et al. [8] found that 40% of cases of Candida co-infection are represented by C.
albicans (59%), followed by C. tropicalis (20%) and C. glabatra (20%) [10].
The purpose of the study: to monitor the frequency of Candida fungi excretion in tuberculosis
patients of children and adolescents undergoing specialized treatment at the National Scientific Center
of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan (NSCP of the
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan).
Materials and methods of research: as is known, microscopic examination and cultivation of
clinical samples for the diagnosis of fungal infection are the gold standard. In our article, we analyzed
the results of a cultural method of studying clinical material in patients of the pediatric pulmonary
department of the NSCP of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Almaty for a
three-year period.
The study of the species composition of isolated strains of fungi of the genus Candida was carried out.
For intraspecific identification of fungi of the genus Candida, chromogenic media are used in the
reference laboratory of the NSCP of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This agar
allows you to identify fungi of the genus Candida by the presence of color, each type of fungi of the
genus Candida is characterized by its own color.
Results of the study: a total of 532 cultures of Candida fungi were isolated from the clinical material
of tuberculosis patients in the period 2020-2022. The distribution by analyzed years was as follows:
2020 -126 (23.7%), 2021 - 216 (40.6%), 2022 – 190 (35.7%) (Figure 1).

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH IN SOCIETY

2023-08-01T13:04:04+03:00

The formation of a healthy society is a social activity and is the moral duty of everyone, regardless of
class, gender, or race. Public health is one of the factors that lead to the civilization of mankind. This
problem, which maintains its relevance at the individual and state level, has become a research field
and has contributed to the development of medicine. One of the scientific studies that focused
attention on the importance of public health was the Institute of Medicine's 1988 report entitled "The
Future of Public Health." One of the first tasks of the study committee was to reexamine the definition
of public health, justifying the need for a broad definition of public health to be effective. The study
committee's rationale definition consists of four parts: the mission, nature, organizational framework,
and core functions of public health. "The Future of Public Health" defines the mission of public health
as "creating conditions where people can be healthy, ensuring the interests of society."
The essence of public health is "organized community efforts aimed at preventing disease and
promoting health." The organizational framework of public health encompasses "activities carried out
within the formal structure of government, as well as the related efforts of private and voluntary
organizations and individuals." Public health has three main functions:
1. Evaluation
2. Policy development
3. Security
One way to better understand public health and its functions is to compare it to medical
practice. While medicine deals with individual patients, public health treats society as its patient. Thus,
public health care stands guard over the health of the population, while medicine focuses on curing
patients. Public health takes measures to prevent disease.
Public health decision-making depends on politics. An example of this is the new type of
pneumonia COVID-19 coronovirus pandemic. The virus was first detected in Wuhan, central China's
Hubei province, in a case of pneumonia of unknown origin in local residents associated with the local
Huanan meat and seafood market, according to the World Health Organization. A pandemic has been
declared worldwide by the World Health Organization since March 2020. Thanks to the preventive
prophylactic epidemiological measures implemented by the Operational Staff of the Cabinet of
Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan (vaccine against COVID-19, wearing a mask, maintaining
social distance, disinfecting streets and living spaces, observing hygienic rules), the existing
restrictions are relaxed in accordance with the sanitary-epidemiological situation, from the quarantine
regime phased exit mechanisms are applied.
As defined in the Institute of Medicine's report "The Future of Public Health," the mission of public
health is to satisfy society's interest in providing conditions in which people can be healthy.

SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ENTROPION CASE IN 15 DOGS

2023-08-01T13:19:17+03:00

Entropion is the inward curving of part or all of the eyelid margin to contact the corneal surface. It is
the most common eyelid anomaly in dogs. Entropion may develop due to primary causes such as
congenital or developmental entropion or secondary causes such as spastic and cicatricial entropion.
Entropion can be lateral, medial, angular or total. It can affect the lower and/or upper eyelid, or both.
Before permanent surgical intervention of entropion, spastic causes must be eliminated.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of the Hotz–Celsus and Modified Hotz–Celsus
techniques used for the operation of a total of fifteen dogs with lateral canthus and lower eyelid entropion. Eight of the fifteen cases had bilateral lateral canthus entropion, one case had unilateral
lateral canthus entropion, four cases had unilateral lateral lower eyelid entropion, and two cases had
bilateral lateral lower eyelid entropion. Symptoms such as epiphora, photophobia, blepharospasm and
mucoid discharge were observed in all cases. In five cases with superficial keratitis; corneal irritation,
increased corneal opacity, neovascularization, epiphora, photophobia, blapharospasm, conjunctival
hyperemia were detected. Conjunctivitis was seen in eight cases. Among these, conjuctivitis was
bilateral in six cases and unilateral in two cases. Epiphora, photophobia, blepharospasm and mucoid
discharge were detected with conjunctivitis.
Nine dogs diagnosed with lateral canthal entropion were operated using the Modified Hotz-Celsus
technique, and six dogs diagnosed with lower eyelid entropion were operated using the Hotz-Celsus
technique. For post-operative antibacterial therapy, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (PO at a dose of 12.5
mg/kg) was administered twice a day for five days. Each patient was fitted with a protective
Elizabethan collar. Stitches were removed within 14-16 days after surgery. For the treatment of
entropion-induced superficial keratitis, 0.5% levofloxacin, 0.15% sodium hyaluronate drops and
carbomer gel were applied topically for 21 days after surgery.
No complications were observed in thirteen dogs after eyelid surgery. Revision operations were
required in two cases. In the follow-up examinations performed one year later, it was determined that
the dogs did not have any eye problems. As a result, it was determined that Modified Hotz-Celsus and
Hotz-Celsus methods were successful for the treatment of lateral canthal entropion and lower eyelid
entropion in dogs. In general, no complications related to the operation techniques were encountered.

FREQUENCY OF BRUCELLOSIS IN THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

2023-08-01T13:29:15+03:00

Brucellosis, also known as Brucellosis, is a bacterial infection that can be transmitted to humans
through contact with infected animals or consumption of contaminated animal products. It is a
significant public health concern in many parts of the world, including the Republic of
Kazakhstan. In this study, we aimed to determine the frequency of brucellosis in the population
of Kazakhstan. To do this, we conducted a retrospective analysis of brucellosis cases reported to
the Kazakhstani Ministry of Health period from 2019 to 2021. We collected data on the number
of cases and region of residence. Our results showed that the overall frequency of brucellosis in
Kazakhstan was relatively low, with an annual average of just over 900 cases per year.
Thehighest rates of infection were found in the eastern and southern regions of the country,
particularly in rural areas where there is a higher prevalence of livestock farming. In conclusion,
our study found that the frequency of brucellosis in Kazakhstan is relatively low but it remains a
public health concern, particularly in certain regions and among certain populations. Further
research is needed to identify the specific risk factors for brucellosis in Kazakhstan and to
develop targeted prevention and control measures.

ETIOLOGY OF LIVER CIROSIS

2023-08-01T13:41:03+03:00

There may be no significant change in the general appearance and shape of the liver. In size, the body may
have grown in the initial period but has since decreased later. The grains are very small and similar and difficult
to see. Fibrosis tissue is usually thinner and finer between the grains, in which case the grains are more easily
selected under the capsule and on the cut surface. chronic alcohol use. Hemachromatosis, biliary obstruction,
chronic venous leakage, metabolic disorders in childhood and rare chronic hepatitis can also cause this
cirrhosis. Microbiological cirrhosis may also provide some etiological approaches with some macroscopic
features.
The appearance and size of the liver is much more variable. Although the organ may be enlarged initially, the
clinic is usually smaller (less than 1000 grams) in patients. The liver consists of large and superficial nodules
that are divided into fibrous bands of varying width. As the disease progresses, the initially relatively thin
fibrosis enlarges and becomes noticeable, forming deeper deposits on the surface. This type of cirrhosis
represents the final stage of all chronic liver disease and therefore occurs in many fractures and it is currently
impossible to predict the etiology of macroscopic procedures.